Cultural Anthropology
Gram
Culture 10 QUIZ

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THE COLLECTION OF FOOD FOR THE MOLIMO BASKET, AMONG THE PYGMIES, WOULD BE MOST ACCURATELY SEEN AS AN EXAMPLE OF: 
HORTICULTURE.
REDISTRIBUTION.
RECIPROCITY.
COERCION.

THE PYGMIES' GENERAL ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE VILLAGERS MIGHT BEST BE DESCRIBED AS ONE OF: 
FEAR--BOTH OF THE VILLAGERS' POLITICAL POWER AND OF THEIR ABILITY TO USE WITCHCRAFT.
DISRESPECTFUL TOLERANCE -- A WILLINGNESS TO GO ALONG WITH VILLAGER'S DEMANDS TO THE EXTENT THAT THEY (THE PYGMIES) GOT SOMETHING THEY WANTED
ANGER, RESENTMENT AND HATRED OF ALL VILLAGERS, FOR THEIR INTRUSION INTO THE PYGMIES' SACRED FOREST.
ADMIRATION AND ENVY FOR THE VILLAGERS' SECURE AND SEDENTARY LIFE, AND FOR THEIR ACCESS TO THE WHITE PEOPLE'S WORLD.

FROM HISTORICAL REFERENCES TO THE PYGMIES, THEY WERE: 
KNOWN TO ANCIENT EGYPTIANS AND GREEKS.
DESCRIBED AS HAVING TAILS AND FLITTING THROUGH TREETOPS.
THOUGHT TO BE MYTHICAL CREATURES, ABLE TO MAKE THEMSELVES INVISIBLE.
ALL OF THE ABOVE.


THE VILLAGERS INSIST ON INITIATING PYGMY BOYS ALONG WITH THEIR OWN SONS BECAUSE: 
THEY BELIEVE THIS PUTS THE PYGMIES UNDER THE DIRECT CONTROL OF THE VILLAGE ANCESTORS, WHO FROM THEN ON WILL BE ABLE TO PUNISH DISOBEDIENT PYGMIES.
THEY BELIEVE THAT THEY CREATE AN EVEN STRONGER BOND OF RECIPROCITY OBLIGATIONS BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL PAIRS OF VILLAGE AND PYGMY BOYS
THEY BELIEVE THAT THE ANCESTORS WOULD BE ANGRY WITH C. THEM AND PUNISH THEM IF THEY DID NOT INITIATE THE PYGMIES, AS WELL AS THEIR OWN BOYS
THEY BELIEVE THAT THIS GUARANTEES THAT INITIATED PYGMIES WILL CONTINUE TO SERVE VILLAGE ANCESTORS AFTER DEATH.
ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE CONSIDERATIONS IN THE VILLAGERS' MINDS.


In the article, 'Steel Axes...,' how did the introduction of steel axes alter daily or seasonal subsistence patterns for the Yir Yoront of Australia? 
Because there was more prestige to owning and using the steel axes, adult men took over many of the wood-chopping chores previously done by women.
Because they could be so much more efficient in their daily subsistence tasks, they now had time and energy to devote to improving their surroundings and/or their skills in other areas.
Because the steel axes were so highly valued, the trading activity with distant groups increased dramatically.
Because the missionaries expected them to work at the mission in order to earn the axes, they had little time or energy to put into their own subsistence tasks.
Because they used the steel axes in essentially the same ways that they used the stone axes, the only change in subsistence patterns was that they gained some extra time for sleeping.




IN SETTING UP A NEW PYGMY CAMP, THE LOCATIONS OF THE HUTS ARE DETERMINED BY WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING METHODS? 
GROUP DISCUSSION ARRIVING AT A CONSENSUS AS TO WHO WILL LIVE WHERE.
STRONG TRADITION DICTATES WHO LIVES NEXT TO WHOM.
IMPORTANT PEOPLE GET TO CHOOSE FIRST, AND THEN ASSIGN THE REMAINING SPACES TO THE REST OF THE BAND.
INDIVIDUALS (MEN OR THEIR WIVES) SELECT THE PLACES THEY WANT TO BE, USUALLY BUILDING NEAR FRIENDS OR CLOSEST RELATIVES.

THE PYGMIES REGARD A GIRL'S FIRST MENSTRUAL PERIOD AS A(N): 
PERSONAL AND PRIVATE EVENT, TO BE DISCUSSED ONLY WITH HER MOTHER AND HER CLOSEST GIRLFRIEND.
AWESOME AND FEARFUL EVENT, AN OMEN OF EVIL AND A. CURSE UPON THE WHOLE COMMUNITY.
A CAUSE FOR REJOICING, TO BE SHARED AND CELE- BRATED WITH THE WHOLE COMMUNITY.
A SIGN FROM THE VILLAGERS' ANCESTORS THAT THE GIRL IS NOW SUPPOSED TO BECOME A WIFE.

THE VILLAGERS WERE OFFENDED AT THE WAY THE PYGMIES HANDLED THE GIRLS' INITIATION BECAUSE: 
THE GIRLS REFUSED TO WEAR THE SKIRTS MADE WITH THE RITUALLY SAFE LEAVES.
GIRLS HAD BEEN ALLOWED TO LEAVE THE MENSTRUAL HUT AND WANDER ALL AROUND THE COUNTRYSIDE--THUS ENDANGERING SEVERAL COMMUNITIES.
THE PYGMIES HAD HELD THE INITIATION DEEP IN THE FOREST, AND HAD REFUSED TO ALLOW THE VILLAGERS TO PARTICIPATE.
A AND B ABOVE.
ALL OF THE ABOVE.




WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING DEGREES OF DEADNESS FOR THE PYGMIES WOULD CORRESPOND TO OUR CONCEPT OF DEAD? 
DEAD
DEAD FOREVER
COMPLETELY OR ABSOLUTELY DEAD
ALL OF THESE REFER TO THE SAME CONDITION--DEAD IS DEAD


FROM THE DESCRIPTIONS TURNBULL GIVES OF THREE PYGMY WEDDINGS (AKIDINIMBA/ATETE; KENGE/MALIAMO; YAMBABO/TAPHU), IT IS CLEAR THAT: 
PYGMIES CONSIDER WEDDING CEREMONIES TO BE SERIOUS, SACRED, AND FORMAL RITUALS, TO BE CARRIED OUT WITH SOLEMNITY A. AND REVERENCE.
PYGMY WOMEN HAVE NO SAY IN WHOM THEY WILL MARRY, AS THEY MEEKLY AND OBEDIENTLY MARRY THE MAN THEIR FATHER OR THEIR BROTHER HAS CHOSEN FOR THEM.
NORMALLY, A PYGMY BRIDE LEAVES HER OWN CAMP TO MOVE IN WITH HER HUSBAND IN HIS CAMP.
A MARRIAGE IS LEGITIMATE ONLY WHEN THE GROOM'S FAMILY HAS PAID BRIDE WEALTH TO THE BRIDE'S FAMILY, TO ENSURE THAT THE BRIDE CAN'T LEAVE HIM AND GO HOME.
PYGMY GROOMS AND BRIDES ARE AS EXCITED AND NERVOUS ON THEIR WEDDING DAY AS ARE AMERICAN COUPLES.


AMONG THE PYGMIES, A MAN CAN GAIN PRESTIGE AND POWER BY: 
BEING A CHIEF.
USING HUNTING MAGIC TO CATCH LOTS OF GAME.
HAVING SEVERAL WIVES.
NONE OF THE ABOVE.


The Yir Yoront world view was based on a belief that 
the universe is populated by hostile spirit beings who are jealous of living humans
the present and the future are, and should continue to be, a repeat of the mythical past
all men are created equal
the only constant in the universe is change
individuals are responsible for their own destinies

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING WOULD BE AMONG THE PROBLEMS CAUSED FOR PYGMIES BY SISTER-EXCHANGE MARRIAGES? 
IT CAN BE DIFFICULT TO FIND A WILLING 'SISTER' OR 'BROTHER' TO COMPLETE THE EXCHANGE.
IF ONE MARRIAGE BREAKS UP, AND THE WIFE LEAVES, THE OTHER MARRIAGE MAY HAVE TO BREAK UP, TOO.
IF THE EXCHANGE HAS BEEN WITHIN ONE CAMP, THERE CAN BE MORE SEVERE ROLE CONFLICT FOR A WOMAN, IF HER HUSBAND AND HER BROTHER GET IN A FIGHT.
ALL OF THE ABOVE ARE LOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF SISTER- EXCHANGE MARRIAGES.

Among the Yir Yoront of Australia ('Steel Axes...' article), stone axes 
were used only by elder men
were used primarily for butchering game
were manufactured entirely out of local, easily available resources
all of the above
none of the above

THE GIRLS' INITIATION CEREMONY IS CALLED: 
AN NKUMBI.
AN ELIMA.
A MOLIMO.
A BAMBUTI.




WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING METHODS OF SETTLING DISPUTES WOULD BE LEAST CHARACTERISTIC OF THE PYGMIES? 
RIDICULE
FIGHTING IT OUT
TAKING THE QUARREL TO THE VILLAGE CHIEF TO DECIDE
A GATHERING OF THE CAMP ELDERS, AND ANY OTHER INTERESTED PERSONS, TO DISCUSS THE CASE AND AIR OPINIONS.

WHEN KENGE WAS TRYING TO ARRANGE HIS MARRIAGE WITH MALIAMO, HE RAN INTO DIFFICULTIES BECAUSE: 
HIS SISTER, YAMBABO, HAD TO CONSENT TO MARRY MALIAMO'S BROTHER TO COMPLETE THE 'SISTER-EXCHANGE'--AND SHE WAS UNWILLING TO COOPERATE.
THE OTHER PYGMIES IN KENGE'S CAMP WERE APPALLED THAT HE SHOULD BEAT HIS SISTER, AND DROVE HIM OUR OF CAMP FOR HIS VIOLENCE AGAINST A KINSWOMAN.
THE VILLAGERS WANTED MALIAMO TO MARRY SOMEONE OF THEIR CHOICE, RATHER THAN KENGE.
KENGE'S MOTHER DISAPPROVED OF HIS CHOICE OF A BRIDE AND REFUSED TO GRANT HER PERMISSION, WITHOUT WHICH KENGE COULD NOT MARRY.
MALIAMO BELONGED TO ANOTHER BAND OF PYGMIES, AND WAS ThEREFORE REGARDED AS AN UNWELCOME OUTSIDER BY KENGE'S GROUP.

THE PYGMIES' VALUING OF THE INDIVIDUAL (AS LONG AS THE INDIVIDUAL DOES NOT THREATEN THE WELL-BEING OF THE GROUP) IS REFLECTED IN WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING ASPECTS OF PYGMY LIFE? 
THAT CEPHU THE NUISANCE, WAS STILL ENJOYED AS 'THE BEST STORY TELLER IN THE FOREST'.
THAT EKIANGE COULD CHOOSE TO HAVE THREE WIVES, EVEN THOUGH THAT IS NOT NORMAL FOR PYGMIES.
THAT EACH PERSON IS ALLOWED TO CHOOSE WHEN AND HOW HE OR SHE WILL PARTICIPATE IN ANY PARTICULAR ACTIVITY.
THAT CHILDREN ARE ALLOWED TO GROW UP AND ACQUIRE ADULT SKILLS AT THEIR OWN RATE.
ALL OF THE ABOVE COULD BE SEEN AS REFLECTIONS OF A VALUING OF INDIVIDUALS IN THE PYGMY WORLD.




THE MEMBERS OF A PYGMY BAND ARE ALL: 
RELATED BY KINSHIP TIES.
ENTHUSIASTIC ABOUT STARTING PLANTATIONS.
UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF ONE CHIEF.
ALL OF THE ABOVE.


TURNBULL SUGGESTS THAT THE IMPORTANT PART PLAYED BY THE OLD WOMAN AT THE CLOSING OF THE MOLIMO FESTIVAL MIGHT BEST BE UNDERSTOOD AS: 
A WAY THE WOMEN HAD OF GETTING BACK AT THE MEN FOR HAVING MADE THEM STAY COOPED UP EVERY NIGHT.
A SYMBOLIC RECOGNITION OF THE INTERDEPENDENCE OF MAN AND WOMEN IN ALL ASPECTS OF PYGMY LIFE.
CONFUSION IN THE PYGMIES' MINDS AS TO WHAT THE MOLIMO WAS ALL ABOUT ANYWAY.
INDICATIVE OF THE MEN'S EXHAUSTION AT HAVING HAD TO STAY UP EVERY NIGHT SINGING WHILE THE WOMEN GOT TO SLEEP.


IN THE LIVES AND WORLD VIEW OF THE VILLAGERS, THE FOREST 
WAS A THREATENING, HOSTILE PLACE BECAUSE: THEY HAD TO WORK SO HARD TO CLEAR LAND FOR PLANTATIONS, AND TO GET THEIR CROPS TO GROW.
WAS POPULATED WITH EVIL SPIRITS.
WAS NOT THE RIGHTFUL HOME OF THEIR ANCESTORS, SO THERE COULD BE NO REAL SENSE OF BELONGING.
BELONGED TO THE PYGMIES, WHO KEPT ATTACKING THEM AND DRIVING THEM OUT OF THE FOREST.
ALL BUT (D) ABOVE.


TURNBULL WAS OFFENDED AT HIS FIRST SIGHT OF THE MOLIMO PRIMARILY BECAUSE: 
IT WAS A BEAUTIFULLLY CARVED INSTRUMENT, WHICH SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN LEFT OUT IN THE OPEN.
THE PYGMIES WERE BAD TO HAVE STOLEN THE PIPE FROM CONSTRUCTION CREWS.
THEIR SOMEWHAT CRUDE JOKING AND PLAYING WITH IT WHEN THEY FIRST GOT IT RAN COUNTER TO TURNBULL'S IDEAS OF REVERENCE TOWARDS SACRED OBJECTS.
THE PYGMIES HAD JUST BEEN 'PUTTING HIM ON' TO WATCH HIM RUN ALL THAT WAY THROUGH THE FOREST.


The traditional stone axe of the Yir Yoront has what relevance to their religious beliefs? 
It is an important totem of one of the clans, whose members have exclusive right to use it in sacred rituals.
It is a source of healing power that can only be released and used by specially trained shamans.
It is the major magical weapon Yir Yoront sorcerers use in their spiritual battles with each other, or with sorcerers from other tribes.
It is the one essential gift that must accompany a dead person's soul on its journey to the afterlife.
None of the above. The stone axe was regarded as essential in many practical food-getting activities; it had no particular association with Yir Yoront religious beliefs or practices







WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS BEST DESCRIBES PYGMY CHILD REARING TECHNIQUES AND ATTITUDES TOWARDS THEIR CHILDREN? 
CHILDREN ARE UNABLE TO UNDERSTAND ADULT THINGS AND SO MUST NOT BE EXPOSED TO ADULT ACTIVITIES UNTIL THEY ARE IN THEIR TEENS.
CHILDREN ARE THE SOLE RESPONSIBILITY OF THEIR BIOLOGICAL PARENTS, AND NO ONE SHOULD INTERFERE WITH HOW PARENTS TREAT THEIR OWN CHILDREN.
CHILDREN ARE PART OF THE WOMEN'S WORLD AND NO SELF-RESPECTING PYGMY FATHER WOULD PLAY WITH THEM.
CHILDREN AS MUCH A PART OF THE GROUP AS ANY OTHER PYGMIES AND PARTICIPATE IN THE LIFE OF THE CAMP AS THEY GAIN THE SKILLS NECESSARY TO DO SO.
CHILDREN ARE THE CENTER OF THE PYGMY WORLD, AND ALMOST ALL DECISIONS A FAMILY MAKES REVOLVE AROUND THE CHILDREN'S WANTS AND NEEDS.


KENGE HAD DIFFICULTY AT FIRST ACCEPTING THE GRASSLANDS OF THE GAME RESERVE BECAUSE: 
THERE WERE NOT ANY TREES, AND THAT MADE IT A 'BAD' PLACE.
HE WAS NOT ALLOWED TO HUNT ALL THAT GOOD GAME THAT WAS GOING TO WASTE.
HE WAS FRIGHTENED TO WATCH THE 'INSECTS' ON THE PLAINS BECOME LARGE BUFFALO AS THE CAR APPROACHED THEM.
ALL OF THE ABOVE.







When steel axes became readily available to the Yir Yoront of Australia, which of the following groups of people were most immediately disturbed by the unforeseen consequences? 
The Yir Yoront women were upset because their husbands were unwilling to share the shiny new axes as generously as they had shared the traditional stone axes.
The Yir Yoront shamans were upset because the steel axes didn't contain the magical power of the traditional stone axes.
The Yir Yoront adult men were upset because women and young men no longer needed to borrow stone axes from them.
The missionaries were upset because as soon as their new 'converts' gained possession of the steel axes, they disappeared back into 'the bush' and went back to their pagan ways
The civil (government) authorities were upset because the number of killings among the Yir Yoront rose sharply once they had their new, more lethal, weapons

THE VILLAGE CHIEF WHO SENT HIS DAUGHTER (AMINA) TO SLEEP WITH TURNBULL DID THIS BECAUSE: 
HE FELT SORRY FOR TURNBULL NOT HAVING A WOMEN.
HE HOPED TO WIN THE LOYALTY OF THE PYGMIES.
TURNBULL HAD HELPED HIM OUT IN THE PAST, AND THIS WAS THE CHIEF'S WAY OF RETURNING THE FAVOR.
THE PYGMIES LIKED AMINA AND WANTED HER TO JOIN THEIR GROUP, BUT WERE NOT THEMSELVES ALLOWED TO MARRY VILLAGE WOMEN.

One consequence of the introduction of steel axes into Yir Yoront culture was that 
people spent more time sleeping
people could do more tasks much more efficiently than with the stone axes and thus significantly improved their standard of living
elder men gained even more power and authority over others than they had had before
Yir Yoront men gained a stronger bargaining position in their traditional trading relationships
all of the above




FROM TURNBULL'S DESCRIPTION OF THE PYGMIES' REACTIONS TO THE DEATHS OF CEPHU'S DAUGHTER AND THEN OF THE OLD WOMAN, A PYGMY POSTULATE MIGHT BE: 
DEATHS ARE UNNATURAL, FEARED EVENTS BELIEVED TO BE CAUSED BY WITCHCRAFT.
NO DEEP FEELINGS ARE TO BE EXPRESSED--MOURNING MUST BE DONE ACCORDING TO FORMALIZED RULES.
ALL DEATHS ARE SERIOUS, 'GRAVE' MATTERS, RESPONDED TO WITH SOLEMN RESPECT AND CONCERN AND GRIEF.
ALL OF THE ABOVE.
NONE OF THE ABOVE.

The Yir Yoront (of 'Steel Axes....' article) believed which of the following basic premises about the universe to be true? 
Men are naturally and rightfully superior, dominant, and of more importance and value than women.
There is no such thing as true equality in interpersonal relationships: one person is always subordinate (or dominant) to another in any pair of people.
The world is, and should remain, exactly as it was when the original ancestors shaped it and left it to their descendants.
All of the above seem to have been major themes or premises running through traditional Yir Yoront culture.

THE PYGMIES SUBMIT THEIR SONS TO THE VILLAGERS' INITIATION RITES BECAUSE: 
THIS IS THE ONLY WAY THEY CAN BE REGARDED AND TREATED AS ADULT MEN IN THE VILLAGERS' EYES.
THEY KNOW THEIR SONS NEED THE TOUGHENING UP PROCESS AND THE SEX EDUCATION IN ORDER TO COPE WITH THEIR LIVES IN THE FOREST.
IT IS ONLY INITIATED MEN WHO WILL BE ABLE TO JOIN AND WORK FOR THE VILLAGE ANCESTORS AFTER THEIR DEATH.
THIS INITIATION PROCESS IS SOMETHING THEY DO REGULARLY IN THE FOREST ANYWAY, SO IF THEY DO IT IN THE VILLAGE THEY GET AN EXTRA FEAST.




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